PFAS Testing

Important Information about your Drinking Water

On May 25, 2023, Mukwonago Waterworks collected water samples of the Water Utility’s drinking water and tested them for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). They found some PFAS compounds in Well #7 that were present at levels above Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) health advisory levels. PFAS levels in the other wells were not at levels of health concern. PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals that have been used in many products since the 1950s. 

At this time, the risk to health is low.  Mukwonago Waterworks is not in violation of any drinking water standards or regulations and has proactively taken actions to protect the health of its customers.  On June 26, 2023 Well #7 was shut off, Mukwonago Waterworks is only using water from wells with levels below DHS health Advisory/Hazard Index guidance levels. Well #7 will only be turned on in the event of an emergency. People and businesses can continue to use the water from Mukwonago Waterworks.

What is being done to correct the issue?  In addition to shutting off Well 7, Mukwonago Waterworks is assessing the impact of well #7 being taken out of service. We will be looking at the feasibility of installing temporary treatment until a permanent solution can be implemented.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are PFAS, and why are they a concern in drinking water?

   PFAS (per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are man-made chemicals that have been widely used in various industrial and consumer products. They are a concern in drinking water because they are persistent, can accumulate in the environment, and have been linked to potential health risks when consumed.

2. How do PFAS enter drinking water sources?

   PFAS can enter drinking water sources through various routes, including industrial discharges, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and contaminated groundwater. They can also be released from landfills or through the use of certain firefighting foams.

3. What health effects are associated with PFAS exposure?

   Studies have linked PFAS exposure to potential health effects, including developmental issues in infants and children, liver and kidney damage, immune system disorders, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

4. How common is PFAS contamination in drinking water?

   PFAS contamination has been detected in drinking water sources worldwide, including public water supplies and private wells. The extent of contamination varies depending on the location and sources of PFAS pollution.

5. How can I find out if my drinking water is contaminated with PFAS?

   You can contact your local water utility or regulatory agency to inquire about PFAS testing and monitoring efforts in your area. They can provide information on water quality reports or recommend private testing options.

6. What are the regulations or guidelines for PFAS in drinking water?

   Regulations and guidelines for PFAS in drinking water vary between countries and regions. Many countries have established or are in the process of setting specific limits or guidelines for different types of PFAS in drinking water.

7. How often is my drinking water tested for PFAS?

   The frequency of PFAS testing in drinking water can vary depending on the water utility and regulatory requirements. Public water suppliers are typically required to conduct regular monitoring and testing, but it is best to check with your local water utility for specific details.

8. What treatment methods are effective in removing PFAS from drinking water?

   Treatment technologies such as activated carbon filtration and reverse osmosis have been shown to be effective in removing or reducing PFAS in drinking water. However, the effectiveness may vary, and it is recommended to consult with water treatment experts to determine the most suitable approach for your specific situation.

9. Is boiling water an effective way to remove PFAS?

   No, boiling water does not effectively remove PFAS. In fact, it can concentrate the chemicals further. PFAS removal requires specialized treatment methods like activated carbon filtration or reverse osmosis.

10. How can I reduce my exposure to PFAS in drinking water?

    To reduce exposure, you can consider using alternative sources of drinking water such as bottled water or installing home water treatment systems that are specifically designed to remove PFAS. Additionally, minimizing the use of products that contain PFAS can help reduce exposure.

11. Are bottled water and home filtration systems effective in removing PFAS?

    Not all bottled water brands and home filtration systems are designed to remove PFAS. Look for products specifically certified to remove PFAS, such as those using activated carbon filtration or reverse osmosis technologies. Check the product labels or consult the manufacturer for information on PFAS removal capabilities.

12. Are there any specific populations that are more vulnerable to the effects of PFAS?

    Certain populations, such as pregnant women, infants, and individuals with compromised immune systems, may be more vulnerable to the potential health effects of PFAS. This is due to factors like developing organ systems and higher sensitivity to chemical exposures. It's important for these groups to take precautions and seek guidance from healthcare professionals.

13. Can I still use tap water for everyday activities like cooking, bathing, and washing?

    While PFAS in drinking water can be a concern, it is generally considered safe to use tap water for activities like cooking, bathing, and washing. PFAS are primarily a concern when ingested. However, if you have specific health concerns or want to reduce exposure, consider using alternative water sources or treatment methods for activities like cooking and bathing.

14. Are there any long-term monitoring or mitigation plans in place to address PFAS contamination?

    Many water utilities and regulatory agencies have long-term monitoring and mitigation plans to address PFAS contamination. These plans typically involve regular testing, implementing treatment technologies, and working towards reducing or eliminating PFAS sources to ensure long-term water safety.

15. What is the water utility doing to ensure the safety of our drinking water regarding PFAS?

    Water utilities typically have protocols in place to ensure the safety of drinking water, including monitoring and testing for PFAS. They may employ treatment methods, collaborate with regulatory agencies, and communicate with the public to address PFAS concerns and maintain water quality standards.

16. How can I get involved or stay informed about PFAS-related updates and actions?

    You can get involved by staying informed about PFAS-related updates through various means. Follow updates from your local water utility, health departments, and environmental agencies. Engage with community organizations, attend public meetings or forums, and participate in advocacy efforts related to water quality and PFAS regulation.

17. Is it safe to consume produce or livestock that may have been irrigated or raised with PFAS-contaminated water?

    The current scientific understanding suggests that consuming produce or livestock irrigated or raised with PFAS-contaminated water does not pose significant health risks. PFAS are generally not readily absorbed by plants, and any potential contamination would likely be low. However, it's important to continue monitoring and researching the effects of PFAS in agricultural practices.

18. Are there any specific precautions or recommendations for pregnant women, infants, or other sensitive populations?

    Pregnant women, infants, and other sensitive populations should take precautions to reduce PFAS exposure. This may include using alternative drinking water sources, using certified PFAS-removing filtration systems, and minimizing the use of PFAS-containing products. It is recommended to consult with healthcare professionals for specific guidance tailored to individual circumstances.

19. How can I dispose of products containing PFAS responsibly?

    Proper disposal of products containing PFAS is crucial to prevent environmental contamination. Contact your local waste management or environmental agency to inquire about guidelines for disposing of PFAS-containing products. They can provide information on designated disposal facilities or special collection events for hazardous materials.

20. What are the latest advancements in PFAS detection and treatment technologies?

    Ongoing research and development are focused on improving PFAS detection and treatment technologies. Some advancements include the use of advanced analytical methods for more accurate detection of low levels of PFAS and the development of novel treatment techniques such as advanced oxidation processes. Stay updated with scientific literature and consult with water treatment experts to learn about the latest advancements.